Unethical Computer Issues - 1912 Words

Unethical Computer Issues Computer Ethics Professor December 11, 2011 Computers have made our lives easier, and as technology rapidly advances, people are using computers, mobile devices and the internet to do everything from work related projects to managing financial transactions and accounts online. While technology has made our lives more convenient than ever before, cyber crime, in various forms, has become one of our biggest concerns. It is a crime to misuse another person s whether personal or financial information, without their consent, for fraudulent activities. Information such as social security numbers, credit history, and PIN numbers is often acquired through the unlawful access to information from government and†¦show more content†¦Second, most state statutes require that the person committing the crime be present in the state when the crime was committed. Computer hacking is one of those crimes where the criminal is most often in a different state. It is just as difficult to go after the hacker in civil court and poses similar problems including determining who performed the hacking, obtaining a jurisdiction over that person in your state and finding a defendant with any assets to pursue. (Gibson, 2008) So how does a company or individual protect against hackers? According to an article on Information Week, the answer lies in designing safer software. Products already exist that help software developer’s scan code for common errors. New products are coming that let enterprises lock down code that s been tested and certified, preventing any subsequent insertions without multiple authorizers approval. (Clarke amp; Zeichner, 2004) The article goes on to explain other protections that risk managers must integrate IT security across major corporate functions. Human resources, business continuity, and operations don t generally integrate but managing risk demands cooperation across these and other disciplines. Finally managing risk demands a long-term strategy. Success lies within business process as well as awareness,Show MoreRelatedEthical And Ethical Dilemmas Of An Ethical Culture That Can Prevent Unethical Behavior Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesManagement’s role in creating an Ethical culture that can prevent unethical behavior 1 Management’s role in creating an Ethical culture that can prevent unethical behavior. Author: Lereiya Edmonson Martin Class: MGMT 630 In any organization, there are rules and regulations employees must follow for it to run smoothly. Therefore, this paper gives five types of ethical dilemmas that can occur in a work setting, and it will also help you understand ethical dilemmas managers faced when making aRead MoreComputer Ethics Awareness Among University Students Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Background Computers are the core technology of our times and apparently, the most important technology to be invented and used by man . Without computers and computer networks, especially, the Internet, activities of most organizations, such as banks, schools, government agencies would simply grind to a halt. Modern societys dependence on the use of information technology, make it more vulnerable to computer malfunction caused by unreliable software and to computer misuse (Forrester andRead More Ethics in the Age of Information Essay example1474 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduced every day, we need to decide what we must consider ethical and unethical. We must consider all factors so that the use of the information readily available to many persons is not abused. Information technology will be the most fundamental area of ethical concern for business in the next decade (Houston 2). The most widely used tool of the information age is the computer, whether it be a PC or a network of computer sys tems. As we enter the information age the newness and power of informationRead MoreIct Ethics Issues in Malaysia638 Words   |  3 Pagescomplex ethical, illegal, and societal issues. Thus there were many ethic centers developed in order to examine the implication of the moral principles into various fields that raise throughout the development of the technology such business ethics, engineering ethics, computer ethics, and medical ethics. Computer ethics or ICT ethics are not so much different of the human ethics, the different is how it is perform via the technology has to offered to unethical human. Obviously the world of communicationRead MoreEthics Of Electronic Search And Seizure Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered moral if its benefits exceeds the harms to the affected parties. With the use of this ethical theory of act utilitarianism, it will be demonstrated that the amendment to to Rule 41 pertaining to electronic remote search and seizure of computer data is morall y and ethically unjustified. Firstly, the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. constitution is violated by the amendment to rule 41 which would eliminate the â€Å"Reasonable Expectation of Privacy† of citizens. Additionally, the amendment to ruleRead MoreCorporate Integrity : Rethinking Organizational Ethics, And Leadership937 Words   |  4 Pagesexposes various reasons which make leaders behave unethically. According to him, leaders are expected to lead by example since all subordinates have to follow what the leaders prospect. However, there are instances where these leaders behave in an unethical manner because of various reasons. As the author argues, it is clear for leaders with strong, virtuous values to act ethically because their values define their character. Conversely, if the leaders are operating in a weak or non-existent value systemRead MoreThe Ethical Relationship Between Apple And Foxconn1120 Words   |  5 Pagessmartphones and computers. However, society are una ware about the rising ethical issues that are presented behind the production of different technologies. The relationship between Apple and Foxconn displays a strong primary example of the ethical issue. Apple is perceived as one of the dominant technological and innovative company providing the world with its technology. Despite this, Foxconn ultimately faced many ethical issues as a supply chain of Apple’s products. The ethical issues that are presentedRead MoreThe Changing Of The Guard : The New Face Of It Ethics1522 Words   |  7 Pagesand bad apply (Reynolds, 2015). To further complicate the issue, consider that what was ethical to prior generations may not be so for younger generations, and so the answer can change over time or generationally. An example of this generational shift can be found when, in 1964, the Civil Rights Act ended segregation. It was brought about by a generation of youth that encompassed a social perspective that recognized segregation as unethical and unlawful. However, the concept of segregation was consideredRead MoreE-Commerce and Cybercrime 1515 Words   |  7 PagesGive several examples of security measures, and technologies you would use. Students’ answers will vary. However, some issues can be more policing, standard protocols, encryption, scrambling data, public and private key encryption methods, fire walls, secure network access, security monitors, virus defenses, security codes, backup files, biometrics controls, computer failure controls, fault tolerant systems, and disaster recovery planning. 2. What potential security problems do you see inRead MoreEthical Issues Regarding Information Technology1638 Words   |  7 PagesEthical issues regarding the use of information technology are changing rapidly in our advancing modern society. Historically information technology had seen limited applications and impacts on society in general. More recently, however, this has been changing as information technology has become a part of nearly every business, and personal activity. I will discuss how Information technology has brought about significant societal ethical changes. Users of technology in society and business today

Essay about Internet Censorship Is a Form of Dictatorship

George Bernard Shaw once said, â€Å"The first condition of progress is the removal of censorship.† Internet censorship is the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. In other words, one day you might not be able to Google everything you want to know as you can now. Although the Internet can be a dangerous without caution, countries need not to censor the Internet for their own selfish reasons. Internet censorship is a form of a dictatorship, and they can cause riots as well as take away our first amendment right. The Internet as we now it has been around since about 1990, introducing web pages and email. Censorship in America was just a basic group called EFF to prevent hackers. Many people went†¦show more content†¦In China, the Internet may not seem too censored, but it is. Nobody has access to anything unless it wants to be seen by somebody high up in the new government. People rely on the Internet for many things, les t it be remedies or gossip. It has become a lifestyle, a routine, a necessity. To some people, taking away their right to the Internet would equal taking away food. In response, people tend to protest. Recently, as of only a few weeks ago, Turkey cracked down on its Internet. Unable to stand disconnected, citizens protested. They took to the streets with picket signs and chants. Riot police had to break it up with water cannons. The law had been signed at the beginning of January, and rioters still have yet to give up on getting back their freedom. If America were to censor its Internet, it would interfere with the Constitution and the first amendment. The first amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.† In most countries, a basic Tumblr user is tracked down to prevent any leakage of what goes on in the country. Just that alone in America would be unconstitutional through freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Though it would be bestShow MoreRelatedCensorship of Electronic Communication Systems1158 Words   |  5 PagesCENSORSHIP OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Introduction. Communication system of society is changing rapidly with the time. In ancient ages people use to communicate with shouting. If people are much more apart from one another the letter writing was the only means of communication just before 500 years. Due to rapid development of science, now a days a message can be passed to millions of people who all are scattered in whole world by a simple electronic communication system. Due to electronicRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Censorship1042 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship comes in many forms and for a lot of different reasons but when it comes to the internet, for the most part it is beneficial. It can provide security for sensitive material. The things that minors are exposed to can be limited. Also you can make sure that it is not used to cause chaos. Furthermore it would seem to be a beneficial part of online life. It can provide security for important documents and conversations. Internet censorship can help with cyber security when important informationRead MoreInternet Censorship and Government Regulation Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesThese days the internet has become an essential part to living for almost everyone but one of the controversial topics that people bring up is that whether or not the government should regulate information on the internet. Both sides have valid points which form a reasonable argument. Some people would say that they need to because of the dangers lurking around in the cyber world but the reasons for why the government shouldn’t regulate the Internet outnumber the reasons for why they should. TheRead MoreA Protest Over Censorship Of The Internet Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesusing the power of their government to control and block certain content that Turkish people want to put on the internet. In developed countries with strong civil rights, such as the United States, citizens do not know what it’s like to fear being arrested for just speaking their mind. The civic artifacts examined in this paper are: an image of a protest over censorship of the internet in Turkey, and the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. These two artifacts showRead MoreThe Taliban has Implemented Censorship in Afghanistan1606 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most restricted in the world. Censorship is the act of a government or powerful group filtering information, news, and media to fit approved topics and categories. Under censorship, the people now have to be cautious of what they write, say, or do because if it’s deemed offensive or â€Å"illegal†, they can be penalized. (Definitions of Censorship) The Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, proved to be no different. Whether it was news, music, or the Internet, the Taliban was and even todayRead MoreThe Censorship Of Internet Censorship3057 Words    |  13 Pages Internet Censorship Student’s Name: Institution Name: Internet Censorship Internet censorship refers to the suppression and control of what people can access, publish, or view on the cyberspace (Reynolds, 2014). It may be done by regimes or private firms at the command of the government. It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead MoreThe Debate About Censorship1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Debate about Censorship Censorship, the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society, has been a characteristic of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. There have been assorted justifications for censorship, with some censorsRead MoreFreedom Of The Media And Freedom Of Speech1540 Words   |  7 PagesChina, where â€Å"censorship was considered a legitimate instrument for regulating the moral and political life of the population† (Mette), but this method of governing has a major flaw. Having such a regulated system causes a great amount of distrust and distaste for the government to form within the population and it is evident throughout US history that most americans do not like anyone telling them what they can and cannot do in their own county. Having a strict system of censorship also creates aRead MoreThe Freedom of Speech414 Words   |  2 Pagesguarded with sanctity and jealousy they deserve. This is on the backdrop of the various examples displayed across the world, particularly in the developing and underdeveloped words where abuse of these two provisions have deteriorated into total dictatorship, rule of the iron fist, suppression of opposition voices and curtailment of free speech and expression of ideologies. The constitution allows us enough room to do what we want to do, whenever we want to do and however we want it but must be withinRead More Music Censorship is a Violation of Free Speech Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesbanned in the U.S. Pro-censorship supporters say that music is something that can deeply affect our society especially children who should not have to be subjected to things like violence, sex, drugs, or hate. However, being that music is a form of expression, censoring it would just be violating everyones right to freedom of speech and expression. The First Amendment clearly states that the U.S. government cannot make a law stopping the freedom of speech. Pro-censorship supporters say music is

Reflection Basics

Question: Critical analysis of the patients condition through self-awareness provides the basic material for reflection Answer: Based on the reflection it is clear that becoming a reflective practitioner is very much important. Intended for betterment of the patients, Mental State Examination (MSE) is essential. It is a systematic evaluation of the appearance, behaviour, mental activity and complete demeanour of a person. In some ways MSE reflects a snapshot of a patients psychological functioning at a given point of time. So, MSE is a vital element of assessment of a patient. Critical analysis of the patients condition through self-awareness provides the basic material for reflection. The aim is to deliver superior care for the mentally ill persons. These patients need special care as they become more reliable on their care giver. Developing a therapeutic relationship is also important for a health care practitioner. In this method the care giver should get involved with the patient in such an affirmative and collaborative means that may endow the patients to draw on their potentials in addition to the treat ment (Townsend 2014). The patients must not be socially isolated as it can worsen their situation. Proper psychiatric medication, good personal hygiene, adequate sleep and nutrition is essential care elements. Cognitive behavioral therapy and family therapy are increasingly gaining importance in field of psychotherapy. Psychosocial interventions are established on evidence based practice and thus these procedures tend to follow a set of guiding principle constructed upon demonstrations to be effective by nursing research. Spiritual interventions is a humanistic approach to recover the patients from their distress from a perspective of spiritual crisis (Stuart 2014). Spiritual interventions concentrate on evolving an intellect of sense, perseverance and hope for the patients in their present-day life experience. It encompasses attending to the patient's life story and assisting them to connect with a greater whole by means of meditation or prayer. Psychosocial interventions together spiritual with interventions emphasize the significance of engagement. As stated by Stuart (2014), appreciation, reflection and empathy from psychiatric care givers reinforces an optimistic psychological stability for the patients. Individualized care is also vital for both the patients and their care givers. It enable care givers to understand patients as individuals with lives beyond their mental disorder. References Townsend, M.C., 2014. Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.Stuart, G.W., 2014. Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Summarise Key Aspects of Legislation free essay sample

In order to keep up with the changes, I need to ensure that I meet the highest possible standards. Following this, I must be committed to my own professional learning, seeking to expand my skills and to deepen my knowledge as a teacher. Now I’m going to say a few words about some of the most important legislations that comply with in order to become a good teacher. Calin Rusu Confidentiality and Data protection Act (1998) are very important legislations for a teacher being linked to the Domains A and E from LLUK standards. Learners expect us to respect and protect confidentiality. This duty extends to any information relating to a learner which we acquire in the course of our work. Confidential information includes personal details. â€Å"Confidentiality can be defined as when one person receives personal or sensitive information from another person, then that person who receives the information has a duty not to pass it on to any other person without the consent of the person who confided in them. We will write a custom essay sample on Summarise Key Aspects of Legislation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † As a professional teacher, I won’t share any information regarding my students unless the situation requires it. I’ll do my best to keep safe the information they are sharing with me and to gain their trust, if they will trust me then they’ll feel safe in my classroom. â€Å"The Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA 1998) is an act of the United Kingdom (UK) Parliament defining the ways in which information about living people may be legally used and handled. The main intent is to protect individuals against misuse or abuse of information about them. † Calin Rusu Equality and Diversity Act (2010) is another important legislation which is linked to every LLUK standard. In my opinion, knowing and understanding the Equality and Diversity Act is crucial for me as a teacher in order to assess every learners needs and to meet these needs. It is not easy to treat all my students equally, especially if they are different nationalities, different races, different backgrounds and maybe with disabilities. But, with the initial assessment rrrr,,,, and choosing the right learning strategies and resources I’m sure I’ll be able to meet every learners needs. In order to succeed in meeting all my learners’ needs, I’ll use group tasks; I’ll differentiate them according to their level of knowledge, their learning styles, and by their disability if this is applicable without letting them feel discriminated. Disability Act (2010) refers to those people whom got a medical condition that requires special attention and extra care and helps us, as teachers to treat them equally and not let them feel excluded, this Act can be linked to A, B and F Domains from LLUK standards. If in my course of work I’ll have to deal with a disabled learner I’ll try to plan the session according www,,, to this and prepare for him appropriate tasks. I’ll try to widen my knowledge about his/her disability to know better his/her needs and what teaching strategies do I have to use for him/her to achieve. Another important legislation which can be linked to A, B and F Domains of the LLUK standards is Discrimination Act (2010) which explains how I, as a teacher must treat everybody equally no matter what their sex is, religion, race, age or sex orientation. Health and Safety Act (1974) and Management of Health and Safety Regulations (1999) are two of the most important pieces in Health and Safety legislation being linked to all LLUK standards Domains. These legislations were enacted in order to set the standards that must be met to ensure the health and safety of all employees, learners and all others who may be affected by any work activity. References: Calin Rusu http://www. atl. org. k/health-and-safety/legal-framework/health-safety-legislation. asp (accessed on 22. 05. 2013) http://www. psnc. org. uk/data/files/PharmacyContractandServices/ClinicalGovernance/briefing_on_confidentiality. pdf (accessed on 17. 05. 2013) http://www. kingston. gov. uk â€Å"Learner Confidentiality and Data Protection Policy† (accessed on 17. 05. 2013) http://searchstorage. techtarget. co. uk â€Å"DEFINITION U. K. Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA 1998)† (accessed on 17. 05. 2013)

The relationships between the upper and lower classes essays

The relationships between the upper and lower classes essays Upper class societies throughout history have always tried to oppress the populace under them. In Plinys and Jacobs time this oppression took the form of slavery. By comparing and contrasting the relationships between the upper and lower classes in the books of Pliny and Jacob , I will show that attitudes towards oppression of the lower classes mainly slaves were exactly the same, with the main difference being the degree of brutality in the treatment of slaves by the upper class. In Plinys and Jacobs time religion was used to oppress the lower classes; free will to worship as you wish was not tolerated. The Romans only allowed slaves to worship government sanctioned religions. They believed Christians caused disorder and disruption to their political control. For instance, in Pliny to the Emperor Trajan (294), Pliny describes the Christian faith as a degenerate sort of cult carried to extravagant lengths. Further, he shows his frustration over the interrogation of Christians, who are mostly slaves, and his recommendation of sending the accused off to execution (293). In the Southern U.S. slave era, Jacobs describes similar situations where religion was used as a tool to oppress. Jacobs emphasizes that religion was only introduced to slaves to keep them from killing their masters (69). The sermons to slaves were used to remind them to serve their masters obediently and to not shirk their work (70). Slave owners were eventually dissatisfied with slaves attending religious sermons because it was the only time slaves would be addressed as human beings which in the slaveholders mind was counterproductive to their efforts (73). Along with religious oppression there was also political oppression as well. Political oppression took the form of legislation against the lower classes. In Plinys Rome as well as in Jacobs U.S. South, slaves were non-persons who could not own an...

Building a Comprehensive School Discipline Referral Form

Building a Comprehensive School Discipline Referral Form A school discipline referral form is utilized in most school districts. Each district tailors the referral form to meet their particular needs. There are many important reasons that school districts require their teachers and administrators to utilize these forms. These include: Creating a paper trail to protect everyone involved.Gives the principal a starting point and foundation for gathering information relevant to the behavior infraction.Can help establish and document a pattern of student behavior.Guides the discipline process ensuring that every student sent the office on a discipline referral is being met with the same process.  Forces the teacher to evaluate what prior strategies they have implemented on their own to attempt to correct the behavior. Schools that do not use a school discipline referral form to document student behavior issues will likely have several obstacles should legal action be taken by a constituent of the district. Filling out and adhering to a school discipline referral form does take time. However, it is worth it as serves to protect everyone involved in the process. Categories Defined   Others Involved - None, Peers, Teacher, Staff, Sub, OtherPotential Witnesses - List all people who are not directly involved, but may have seen the incident.Nature of Incident - Excessive Talking, Unprepared for Class, Excessive Tardies, Inappropriate Language, Violation of Dress Code, Disrespect, Violation of School Bus Rules, Disorderly Conduct, Defacing Property, Truancy, Lying/Cheating, Uncooperative, Horseplay, Misuse of Electronic Device, Harassment, Bullying, Fighting/Assault, Vandalism, Violation of State Federal Laws, Violation of School Policy, OtherDescribe Incident - List a detailed description of the incident containing all of the known facts.Possible Motivation - Avoid Activity, Avoid Adult, Avoid Peers, Avoid Task, Obtain Peer Attention, Obtain Adult Attention, Obtain Activities, Obtain Items, Other, Dont KnowPrevious Classroom Discipline History of Student - Explain other behavior issues (related and unrelated) you have had with the student in the class.Previously Us ed Teacher Intervention Strategies - Counseling Referral, Parent Conference, Conference with Student, Seat Change, Detention, Loss of Privilege, Social Skills Instruction, Extra Assignment Students Statement - Provides the student with an opportunity to explain themselves and become a part of the process to find a solution.Consequences Assigned by Administrator - Class Removal, Campus Beautification, Counseling Referral, Alternative Placement, Loss of Privilege, Detention, Conference with Student, Mentoring, Conference with Parent, Out-of-School Suspension, In School Placement, ExpulsionFollow-Up Plan - Provides an opportunity to check up on the student, provide the resources, and a plan to support them in correcting the behavior. Sample School Discipline Referral Form Student Name: _____________________________________ Grade:_______________________ Referring Teacher: _________________________________________________ Date: ___/___/___   Time:____________ Location: ______________________________________ Others Involved: ________________________________________________________________ Potential Witnesses: _____________________________________________________________ Nature of Incident: ______________________________________________________________ Describe Incident:  Ã‚   ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Possible Motivation: ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Previous Classroom Discipline History of Student _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Previously Used Teacher Intervention Strategies (If applicable) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Teacher Signature: ______________________________________________________________ Administrators Report   Student’s Statement What rule did you violate? ___________________________________________________________ Why did you violate the rule? _________________________________________________________ Did you get what you wanted? ________________________________________________________ What is another alternative to get what you want? _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Consequences Assigned by Administrator   _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Parent Notification Method   ______ Phone Call ______ In Office ______ Email ______ Letter ______ Other _____________ Referral to Other Services (If Necessary) ______ Discipline Review Team _______ Counseling _______ Local Authorities ______Other Follow up Plan   _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Student Signature: _________________________________________ Date: ____/_____/_____ Administrator Signature: _____________________________________ Date: ____/_____/_____ Parent Signature: __________________________________________ Date: ____/_____/_____

Are the British and Canadian Political Systems Similar Why or Why Not Essay

Are the British and Canadian Political Systems Similar Why or Why Not - Essay Example The international and domestic environment shaped by a country’s political systems has significant influences on the status of the citizens. Political systems helps the government to establish key public institutions and systems like health and education and are responsible for maintaining public order and citizen safety. This is through various agencies that are responsible for formulating, implementing, and enforcing government policies with an aim of achieving specific goals. Britain has a parliamentarian system of government where majoritarian and populism are the widely accepted political philosophy to meet the requirements of the people. History has heavily shaped Britain’s and Canada’s political systems. The political system in Britain and Canada advocate for the formation of governments by political parties that have majority control over the legislative assembly (Montpetit & Foucault, 2010). The constitution of these two countries stipulates that members of parliament should be elected through single -member plurality systems; where the elected individuals represent their constituents in parliament. These individuals must obtain the largest number of votes during elections. The party that garners the largest number of seat in parliament forms the government; with their elected members expected to support the government’s agendas and bills introduced in parliaments. These majority governments are powerful and easily pass their own policy issues irrespective of opposition by political parties outside the ruling party (Klingermann, Hofferbert & Budge, 1994). Argument This paper will argue that Britain and Canada political systems are not similar because of differences in policy making, governance, elections political structure, and parliamentary proceedings influenced by a combination of temporal, cultural, and political factors distinct and different in each country. Britain has a longer political history that has been shaped by struggles between the crown and parliament over personal prerogatives, which defines the current British constitution and executive power set up. The existing democratic leadership has been heavily influenced by civil wars, revolutions, and establishment of a superior parliament over the crown. In the Britain unitary governments, all political power is held by a single national government (Tannahill & Bedichek, 1991). This political system was unsuitable to the local situation in Canada, and they designed a federation where the constitution gave the people the right to have local control over their government (Montpetit & Foucault, 2010). The Canadian federation developed a system where the national government did not have absolute control but allowed for a constitution that would govern the people with their own set of laws. Canada has a much shorter history with the democratic leadership been shaped by continuous struggles between the prime minister and the governor general. Th e democratic rule in Britain is primarily about political representation that wields executive powers, but the Canadian democratic rule primarily focuses on governance. The Canadian political system was developed according to Westminster parliamentary institutions in the 19th century, and these institutions were retained after independence in 1867 (Hazell et al., 2009). Evidence The United Kingdom constitution has been shaped over a long time, and it consists of written

Development and Globalization in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Development and Globalization in Africa - Essay Example Dams and water reservoirs have the ability to divert the natural course of rivers, a process that affects the economic and social position of other countries served by the same water body. The development of dams also changes the original riparian users of such natural resources to new beneficiaries, a situation that can create national animosity and understanding. Based on this argument, the construction of dams is affected by the need to bring together the conflicting interests of different nations affected by the same decision. Nations must find the best ways to share the available resources equitably and in a sustainable manner with the aim of meeting the needs of the environment and the economy as a whole2. The development of most African countries has been centered on the need to empower the agricultural sector and reduce the cost of energy generation and electricity use. This goal has been achieved fully or in part in most African countries such as Egypt and Ghana through the construction of dams and water reservoirs. The commission reports on dams highlight the significant position that dams play in the progressive development of an economy. First, dams remain significant and influential in the development and economic empowerment of human beings. Countries such as Egypt have derived massive benefits from dams constructed on controversial water bodies such as river Nile3. Secondly, most countries and people have been forced to pay significant amount of money to safeguard the benefits accrued from the construction of such dams in different parts of the continent. In most instances, the cost that has been incurred to secure the construction of such sites goes beyond the financial value it has on the economy and the people. Some communities living downstream and using the water bodies for various purposes have been forced into

Perception and Treatment of LGBT Essay Example for Free

Perception and Treatment of LGBT Essay This aggression can be sexual in nature or the effects can closely resemble those of sexual harassment and then can constitute sexual harassment. Middle and high school students are dealing with verbal and physical bullying in school to where these students are either dropping out or transferring schools or even becoming a home schooled student so that they can avoid being harassed about their sexual orientation. Bullying is an aggressive behavior that is intentional and it involves the imbalance of a persons power or strength Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender LGBT) youth, or those individuals that is perceived to be LGBT may be teased and bullied by their peers in schools as well out in public. Our educators, health professionals, parents, and any other concerned adult can make a difference in the lives of our LGBT youth. Often, bullying towards LGBT youth targets their non- conformity to gender norms. This type of bullying can be considered to be a form of sexual harassment and this harassment is covered under Title IX of the Education Amendments ot 1972. Research nas shown that our bullied L T youth are more likely to skip school, smoke cigarettes, use alcohol and drugs, or even engage in other risky behaviors (Ponton, 2001) The lesbian, gay or bisexual youth are more than twice as likely as other youths and children to be depressed and think about or will attempt suicide (Ponton, 2001). These risks are the same whether our youth are LGBT, are heterosexual but are wrongly perceived to be LGBT, or they will even choose to hide their sexual orientations. Our schools need to develop a clear policy on bullying of any form that can be onsidered by adding sexual orientation and gender identity to their bullying policies (Office of Civil Rights, OCR, 2010). By applying these policies, it tells all students to treat everyone equally, regardless of their sexual orientation (Get Busy, Get Equal, 2006). Schools that already have an anti-bullying policy can consider to make it clear that bullying based on sexual orientation is against school policy (Get Busy, Get Equal. 2006). Like every human being, those individuals that are LGBT, they have parents and family that love them for who they are or what their sexual orientation ay be. When a person is rejected because of his or her own sexual orientation, everyone in the family can suffer the effects unnecessarily Just like those or are LGBT. For those individuals that are rejected, the consequences are often and can be very tragic. Regardless of their sexual preference, these individuals still need their families unconditional love and acceptance, and those who receive it have a greater chance of living a happy, healthy and fulfilling life. In fact, sexual orientation of all kinds, including heterosexuality, is an innate trait, not a lifestyle choice. But if you are straight, the question is, when did you decide to be attracted to the opposite sex? To be LGBT in orientation is a normal and natural human characteristic, and it is Just one of the many ways that people are different. Both the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association have recognized that homosexuality is not a mental disease or an emotional disorder. Therefore, there is no cure for a persons sexual orientation. Most of the emotional disturbances that have been experienced by gay men and lesbians all around the world with their exual identity is not based on physiological causes but rather is due more to a sense of alienation and to the unacceptance in todays environment.

The House on Mango Street :: House Mango Street

The House on Mango Street This book is so powerful because Sandra Cisneros gives a first-hand account of the everyday magic and misery of young Esperanza, simultaneously applying themes of her desire for escape and love for the people and bittersweet childhood of Mango Street. In many other novels of this sort, the dialog comes across as an extended complaint, a long and tiresome negative report of how down-trodden and hopeless is a given situation, and how arrogantly nonchalant are those who benefit from or cause it. The beauty of this book is Cisneros' deft mingling of Mango Street's poverty and low social status with its inherently human beauty and magic when seen through the eyes of a young girl. Mango Street's humanly rich qualities are what will bring Esperanza back. The mayor won't help Mango Street, so who will? Clearly, at the end of the book, she will. Her telling of their story in such a positive and invigorating light might change the mayor's mind. Reading Cisneros' brief biography on the last pag e says that she taught high school drop-outs, probably not from towns like Amherst or Acton, but from neighborhoods like Mango Street. Seldom can an author make a pointed social and political statement about poverty and social stratification without making it oppressive and depressing. Esperanza realizes her situation enough to want to escape it. She sympathizes with her father who wakes up in the dark every morning and is gone before the rest of the house is awake. But she is at the same time wonderfully innocent. She and her friends believe that the Earl of Tennessee's prostitutes are his wife, and no one can agree on what she looks like. This book is like a photo album, there is no chronological story, but each snap-shot a whole story in itself. Interspersed throughout the Mango Street-specific bits, are pieces of timeless relevance, like "A Rice Sandwich." This sketch tells the timeless truth that you always want what you don't have, but once you get it, it's not so great anymore. "Canteen! Even the word sounds important!" She doesn't belong there, and the kids who do are probably wishing they could go home for lunch.

Genres Of Literature

Genres of literature are important to learn about. The two main categories separating the different genres of literature are fiction and nonfiction. There are several genres of literature that fall under the nonfiction category. Nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction: Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format whichtells a story. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A Biography is a written account of another person’s life. An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrativ e form of their person’s life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture.Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative nonfiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss.

First “Misleading” Impressions

Cypress Ranch High School Ms. Piotrowsky 3rd Period English K/Dual First â€Å"Misleading† Impression In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice the most common and concurrent theme is probably the theme of first impression. The entire novel, from beginning to end, travels around conclusions made from first impressions and how, in cases, they are wrong. In fact, the first proposition for the title of the novel was First Impressions not Pride and Prejudice. As the theme of the novel progresses, characters realize that their conclusions made based on first impressions were flawed.As this happens, new relationships develop. Jane Austen even makes the reader believe or create its own first impressions only to later realize that they were wrong. During this time period, the idea of wealth and class was predominant among society; therefore, most first impressions were based on the amount of money a person had or on his/her ancestry. The main theme of first impressions goes around à ¢â‚¬Å"Elizabeth, the heroine, and Darcy, her eventual husband, the chief obstacle resides in the book’s original title: First Impressions. (Sherry, Pride and Prejudice limits of society) At the ball, Mr. Bingley encourages Mr. Darcy to dance with Elizabeth but he refuses by stating, â€Å"she is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt him† (Austen 13); and Elizabeth’s first impression about Mr. Darcy is that â€Å" he is proud, above his company, and above being pleased† (Austen 17). The reader understands that physical appearance is not the only factor that drives Mr. Darcy towards that opinion, but her lack of wealth and her vast family are. Throughout the novel the reader experiences realizations and transformations of views.At first Austen makes the reader create false impressions, just as the characters in the novel, only to later realize that the opinions the reader had about the characters were flawed. Many critics agree that â€Å"†¦In t his novel by Jane Austen, we don’t only see how first impressions affect relationships, but we also see how the characters in this story experience transformation through their experiences of first impressions, pride and prejudice. † (Stasio, An Evolutionary Approach to Jane Austen). Ironically enough, Elizabeth realizes â€Å"that they had entirely mistaken Mr.Darcy’s character† (Austen 219). What at first was a feeling of string repulsion towards one another slowly became a feeling of attraction. As the novel progresses, different events occur that come to the final transformation of Elizabeth’s first impressions. She learns through different sources that Mr. Darcy is not the man she believes him to be; and that most of the rumors she has heard (from Mr. Wickham) are twisted truths. At the end, as the final process of her realization, she says that â€Å"†¦Vanity, not love, has been my folly.Pleased with the preference of one, and offended b y the neglect of the other, on the very beginning of our acquaintance, I have courted prepossession [pride] and ignorance, and driven reason away where either were concerned. Till this moment, I never knew myself. † Austen contrasts the theme of first impression with the relationship that develops at the beginning of the novel between Mr. Bingley and Jane. She develops a relationship based â€Å"in a vision of love in which women and men care about each other with a passionate tenderness.Jane and Bingley have a natural compatibility for one another. † (Bonaparte, Conjecturing Possibilities) In this relationship, there are no feelings of avarice or greed because â€Å"It was generally evident, whenever they met, that he did admire her; and to her it was equally evident that Jane was yielding to the preference which she had begun to entertain for him from the first, and was in a way to be very much in love. † (Austen 22). Neither of them was worried with wealth, cl ass or family heritage. On the other hand, Mr. Bingley’s sister, Caroline, and his friend Mr.Darcy believe that Jane’s family was not high enough in the social ladder and therefore she did not deserve him. They even tried to intervene in their relationship by breaking them up, but at the end they end up marrying each other. There is no doubt that Jane Austen wanted to install a sense of realization regarding first and false impressions in the readers mind. Pride and Prejudice helps society understand how it behaves through real life examples developed by fictional characters such as Jane, Elizabeth, Mr. Darcy, etc.Pride and Prejudice is a sign of protest Austen uses to rebel against her society and its dependence on first impressions. She tries to make us understand that almost always first impressions are wrong. However, she is not implying that society should eliminate them from society, but rather undermine and challenge them because they are not entirely true. WORK S CITED Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001 Bonaparte, Felicia. â€Å"CONJECTURING POSSIBILITIES: READING AND MISREADING TEXTS IN JANE AUSTEN'S PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. Pride and Prejudice. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001. Web. ;http://content. ebscohost. com/pdf10/pdf/2005/SNV/01Jun05/17682767. pdf? T=P;P=AN;K=17682767;S=R;D=a9h;EbscoContent=dGJyMNHr7ESep644v%2BbwOLCmr0mep7FSrqm4S7OWxWXS;ContentCustomer=dGJyMOzprk%2B2qLZNuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA;. Sherry, James. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice: Limits of Society. † Pride and Prejudice. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001. Web. ;http://content. ebscohost. com/pdf25_26/pdf/1979/SLT/01Sep79/4721658. pdf?T=P;P=AN;K=4721658;S=R;D=a9h;EbscoContent=dGJyMNHr7ESep644v%2BbwOLCmr0mep7FSrq64TbeWxWXS;ContentCustomer=dGJyMOzprk%2B2qLZNuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA;. Stasio, Michael J. â€Å"AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH TO JANE AUSTEN: PREHISTORIC PREFERENCES IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. † Pride and Prejudice. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001. Web. ;h ttp://content. ebscohost. com/pdf19_22/pdf/2007/SNV/01Jun07/25902589. pdf? T=P;P=AN;K=25902589;S=R;D=a9h;EbscoContent=dGJyMNHr7ESep644v%2BbwOLCmr0mep7BSs6u4SbOWxWXS;ContentCustomer=dGJyMOzprk%2B2qLZNuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA;.

Smartphones in Society

Smartphones in Society Introduction Recent progresses in Internet-based smartphones have created changes in the contemporary society. The smartphone has computing applications with advanced features of the Internet connectivity. It also has multimedia player, digital camera, GPS tracking systems, and video camera among other features.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Latest smartphones have high-resolution touch screens, browsers, and high-speed Internet accessibility. Smartphones have brought about convenience to users as well as addiction problems, which are similar to those experienced by Internet users (Greenfield, 1999). The fact that smartphones are mobile has aggravated the problem of addiction. Smartphone addiction causes both physical and psychosocial challenges among users. A study by Leslie Perlow about the use of smartphones among 1,600 managers and professionals revealed v arying degrees of usages (Davis, 2012). It showed that: 70 percent checked their smartphones within the first hour after getting up 56 percent checked their smartphones within one hour before going to bed 48 percent checked their gadgets during weekends and nights 51 percent did so during vacation 44 percent would suffer anxiety if they lost their smartphones and failed to replace them within the week (Davis, 2012, p.1) Problems The latest use of the term addiction applies to Internet, gambling, behavioural problems, gaming, and smartphone usages. There are people who use their smartphones while driving or crossing roads, which may result into road accidents. Children show addiction to smartphone games while learners have concentration problems during lectures. Specific problems may include the following. First, smartphone causes users to have daily life balance challenges. Users may find it hard to concentrate, keep appointments, or miss planned schedules. Some may experience blu rred vision, dizziness, wrist pain, and sleeping problems. Second, some scholars have noted that some smartphone users believe that friends from the cyberspace are important than real-life friends. Such people feel lost when they are unable to connect with their cyberspace friends. Third, there is also uncontrolled use of smartphones. Users prefer to use their smartphones for references rather than consult their friends.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, smartphone users who tried to withdraw from smartphone addictions experienced withdrawal challenges. For instance, Kwon and colleagues observed that smartphone users became â€Å"impatient, fretful, and intolerable without their smartphones† (Kwon et al., 2013). Solutions Daily life balance challenges require users to enhance awareness of events in their immediate environments and concentrate on such even ts to increase concentration. Still, reduced usages shall eliminate physical challenges users experienced. Users should engage their real-life through social activities frequently than their cyberspace friends. Uncontrolled use of smartphone requires users to review the need to respond to smartphone alerts, deactivate the alerts, and consult their colleagues rather than the phone because such actions can reduce anxiety. Withdrawal challenges require users to practice gradual withdrawal rather than abrupt in order to reduce cases of anxiety. Evaluation of solutions Enhanced awareness and concentration give users opportunities to restore balance in their daily lives and concentrate on important matters. This solution can be effective if users follow it. Reducing usages is a perfect solution to eliminating physical problems. Engaging real-life friends is effective solution to the belief that cyberspace friends are important than real-life friends. Deactivating alerts and consulting fri ends is effective for reducing uncontrolled usages and anxiety. Gradual withdrawal can be effective way of reducing withdrawal challenges. Conclusion Smartphone addiction is a source of physical and psychosocial problems among users. Solutions to these problems include enhancing concentration, reducing usages, engaging in social activities with real-life friends, consulting colleagues, deactivating alerts and practising gradual withdrawal. No scientific study has proved effectiveness of these solutions. However, they can be highly effective if users practice self-discipline.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Davis, S. (2012). Addicted to Your Smartphone? Heres What to Do. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/addicted-your-smartphone-what-to-do#1 Greenfield, D. (1999). Virtual Addiction: Help for Netheads, Cyber Freaks and Those Who Love T hem. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Kwon, M., Joon-Yeop, L., Wang-Youn, W., Jae-Woo, P., Jung-Ah, M.,Dai-Jin, K. (2013). Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS One, 8(2), 1-7.

Musings on the Uses of Abash

Musings on the Uses of Abash Musings on the Uses of â€Å"Abash† Musings on the Uses of â€Å"Abash† By Maeve Maddox The word abash has always seemed to me to belong more to the literary sphere than to the workplace. That’s why I did a double-take when I read this on a site dedicated to marketing: A corporation operating in a capitalist society has the obligation to make a profit. It does not have the obligation to make friends, except where/when that would lead to profit.  It does not have an obligation to abash itself at every possible opportunity. I wondered if the word was being used as a synonym for â€Å"bash† in the sense of â€Å"disparage.† As a transitive verb abash means To destroy the self-possession or confidence of (any one), to put out of countenance, confound, discomfit, or check with a sudden consciousness of shame, presumption, error, or the like.  Ã‚  OED. Older literature provides plenty of examples of the use of abash as a verb: That you are a princess does not abash me, but that you are you is enough to make me doubt my sanity as I ask you, my princess, to be mine. A Princess of Mars, Edgar Rice Burroughs The titter that rippled around the room appeared to abash the boy, but in reality that result was caused rather more by his worshipful awe of his unknown idol and the dread pleasure that lay in his high good fortune. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain. (The teacher has just sent Tom to sit with the girls.) Most of the examples I find in recent writing use the -ed form abashed to describe a person whom a remark or occurrence has caused to feel embarrassed, humiliated, or ashamed. Bruce had the sense to look abashed as he came out of his office looking dry and handsome and seeing Betty standing next to her desk dripping and wet. (review of an Ugly Betty episode) Though he does his best to cover himself with his hands and look abashed, Stiller merely comes off as ridiculous. (review of Ben Stiller movie) She seems to look abashed in her photos all tarted-up for the media. (comment on Scarlett Johansson’s publicity photos) According to the OED, the reflexive use is obsolete, but it is in use on the web: dont abash yourself for jumping the gun Do You Abash Yourself With These Negotiating Mistakes? when we believed the GOP could not abash itself any more it The strangestand most abundantuse of abash that I found was in gibberish postings like these: I deliberate on the most impressive horror you desideratum to do when starting in a home based affair is to figure out your budget before you start and stick to it.   Don’t abash yourself in a fix financially where you last will and testament be hurt if it doesn’t   This is from a site purporting to provide information for running a home based business. You don t charge to be a hero and do everything, and anticipate of everything, yourself. Abhorrence to acquaint you this but, if you alpha out you DON T understand aggregate ok so don t abash yourself by cerebration you do The second example had a byline. I was surprised that anyone would put her name to such stuff. Then I found one of my own posts transformed into gibberish with my name still attached to it. A group of fiction sites connector to posts on the DailyWritingTips neighbourhood. We like that. Sometimes they overreach a clear up excerpt followed alongside a connector to the remainder of the article on our neighbourhood. I date nothing falter with that. (Original here) Bottom line on abash: by all means, use abash when it seems to be just the right word. Just remember that it does not mean the same thing as bash. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsGrammatical Case in English

Asian Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Asian Cinema - Essay Example Emergence of women’s cinema in China Being a woman in patriarchy has been a resonating theme in the Chinese films of the 1980s, where the narrative accorded women a central position in the purview of cinematic representation (Dissanayake 13). While the mainstream Chinese cinema of the 20th century was benchmarked on portraying martial arts in all its fury, there had been a diversion, albeit at a subliminal level, in the way women directors addressed gender discourses in relation to making of the modern Chinese society. However, one can find a blend of different opinions coming from women directors of contemporary Chinese cinema. Cui cites an interview where three well-known Chinese women directors talked about three distinct purposes behind filmmaking. Director of Sacrificed Youth Zhang Nuanxin candidly admitted that she was driven more by artistic impulses than by pledging allegiance to any particular genre of cinema, contextually ‘women’s cinema’. Maker o f The Women’s Story Peng Xiaolian endorsed the idea that women’s cinema should by all means reflect â€Å"a woman’s psychology†, whereas Hu Mei insisted that films centered on women ought to be compelling enough to let the audience view the world before the camera from women’s perspectives . When it comes to granting exclusivity to women’s cinema, very few directors from the Chinese diaspora could successfully negotiate the mammoth task of depicting women’s lives during the transnational shift in the 1990s. Hong Kong-based director Ann Hui is certainly amongst those rare breed of filmmakers who set a paradigm for understanding the concerns only women dealt with in times of handover. (Eleftheriotis and Needham 89). Hui’s Song of the Exile (1990) delineates with profound craftsmanship the intersections between political landscape and subjective memory, and examines the contours of individualism and interpersonal relationships. In years to come, Ann Hui would become the most revered Chinese woman director in Hong Kong, garnering international fame (Wang 35). Populated by female characters, the film analyses the agony of homecoming at a time of personal and national turmoil. Most importantly, Song of the Exile incites the viewers to support the feminine viewpoint embedded in the storyline (Naficy 233). Clara Law: Films at cultural crossroads Macau-born woman director Clara Law, who later migrated to Australia before the United Kingdom transferred sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People’s Republic of China in 1997, is most well known for her directorial masterpieces Farewell, China (1990), Autumn Moon (1992), Floating Life (1996) and The Goddess of 1967 (2000). Law’s films powerfully deliver the message that gender identity is susceptible to falter under cross-cultural influence. The first three of the aforementioned films sketch the lives of young people roving from one continent to another in search of fortune. The concept of the Global Chinese, as posited by Marchetti, becomes pronounced in Law’s cinematic undertakings that draw migrant characters without any apparent homogeneity in class, ethnicity, age, or gender traveling around the globe

Week 5 discussion questions and participation Essay

Week 5 discussion questions and participation - Essay Example The direct method ignores any other service departments when allocating service cost to production departments. The step down method is different because it recognizes that in some service departments support the activities in other service departments as well as the producing department. The direct method is simpler for accountants to calculate the costs since there are less variables involved. The step down method uses a sequence of service department allocation to arrive at the different costs. In the business world accountants prepare information differently depending on the purpose. Managerial accounting focuses on providing information for internal purposes. Financial accounting on the other hand focuses in making reports for external users of information. Variable costing system monitors changes in costs that occurred on a daily basis. This helps managers in their day to day decision making process. Data and information that is presented to outside users must summarize the results of a period of time. External users are not concerned about the day to day operations of the enterprise. Cost distortions are a potential problem that can lead to many obstacles for a manager. If the costing system is not accurate the managers will make erroneous assumptions that can lead to business errors. For example imagine if a company had a costing system that stated that each unit cost $2.00 to produce. The costing system was distorted and the real cost of the product is $3.05. The made a decision to sell the product at $3.00 which a price that is 50% above cost based on the inaccurate costing system. The manager would lose $0.05 on every sale instead of making a $1.00 profit. If the company is able to develop a costing system that provides a lot of detail the decision seems like a good idea. The manager of that company has to determine if the benefits of maintaining the system outweigh the costs of

Legal Strategies to Protect the Civilians in Syria Research Paper

Legal Strategies to Protect the Civilians in Syria - Research Paper Example The crisis in Syria has become a humanitarian crisis. The Syrian regime has committed mass atrocities against the population, most used one being the crimes against humanity. Some legal analysts argue that Syrian regime is on the verge of committing genocide, as the Alawi minority dominates the country and is currently fighting the Sunni majority. Moreover, a humanitarian disaster is present, as thousands have fled Syria and burdened neighboring countries such as Turkey. With only few solutions available under the international law to the Syrian conflict, even the ones at hand are either not politically feasible, or need UNSC authorization. Under the international law, military intervention in another country of any kind must be authorized by the UNSC, and it must be done in cases where human rights are in some way violated on a massive scale. The international community has a duty to protect Syrian civilians. There are many prerogatives that demand protection of civilians, two of wh ich are crucial for Syria. The first is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), aiming to protect civilians from mass atrocities, and the second is elements of the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflicts (POC). Under elements of POC referring to a conflict, the international community is again obliged to assist civilians and address their most basic needs. The proposed solutions so far have been mostly focused on either intervention or diplomacy. Military intervention conducted in the same style as in Libya has been proposed by some legal analysts. However, others claim that Russia and China would never vote in favor of such an intervention in UNSC. Moreover, factors present in Libya are absent in Syria, and thus an intervention of any type cannot take place. Instead, others propose the use of diplomacy through sanctions and referral of the regime members to the International Criminal Court (ICC) under the Statute of Rome. Since Syria signed the Statute, even in the absence of its r atification, ICC is authorized to prosecute Syrian regime members. However, again, UNSC referral to ICC is needed. Russia and China will never interfere with Syrian sovereignty. A third solution, also based on diplomacy, would be more feasible. It would be to ignore the Statute of Rome and simply allow the Syrian regime to save face and find a common dialogue with the opposition through an organized ceasefire agreement and peacekeeping mission. This option would be based on diplomacy. Sanctions on Syria are crucial in this option, but so is the option offered to the Syrian regime to leave and let the opposition take over the country. Ceasefire agreement would be arranged through sanctions. Once it would take place, peacekeepers would enter the country. The latter would need to be authorized by UNSC, but chances are higher that the resolution would pass, as it is non – interventionist and it does not involve ICC. Kofi Annan or another high profile figure in the Middle East cou ld be used to mediate the negotiations. This option could include a gradual transition to a consolidated democratic system through retention of the former regime members who

A Model of Driving Tests Battery Validation

A Model of Driving Tests Battery Validation MARKUS SOMMER, GERNOT SCHUHFRIEDâˆâ€", MIHAI ANIÃ…Â ¢EI, MIHAELA CHRAIFâˆâ€"âˆâ€" Abstract Designing a driving test battery is the most secure way to predict the driver behavior before  obtaining driver license. The objective is to design a psychological test battery to predict the driving  behavior of the potential drivers. The participants were 106 persons, both male and female, age  between 18 and 45 years old (M=34.4, 4; S.D. =1.32), different levels of education. The validity  criterion has been selected according the driving tasks during driving on the road. Thus, the value of  the test reveals the fact that the model has a strong predictive value for the chosen criteria. Key words: criteria, predictors, tachitoscopic test, determination test. 1. INTRODUCTION First studies in simulated task environments have shown that quite a large  part of the participants do not notice information that is not in accordance with  their expectations or when they do notice the information responses are delayed  (Martens, 2004; Martens Fox, 2003). This negative side of getting familiar with  a certain task environment might be the result of not spending enough time fixating  the objects in the task environment. But this decrease in fixation times to objects in  the task environment once people get familiar with the environment has only been  shown in computer-simulated environments. Drivers should question any driving skills test that does not include all the  test components as described in the appropriate study guide. In Table 1 can be seen  the required driving skills test components and the approximate time needed to  complete each. Thus the times are estimates based on an average length driving  route, good weather conditions, light traffic and a well-prepared driver. Furthermore  the same authors underline that skills tests must include all the segments listed in   Table 1. In this way a test may take more time than shown in this table, but should Also the guide underline the procedures of taking curves, entering into the  crossroads and others. These represents for the psychologists criteria in validation  of the driving tests baterry. Underlining the importance of visual functions in driving, such as acuity,  field, contrast, color and night vision can be measured as part of an eye  examination. Functional vision includes performance of daily living skills, reading  ability, mobility skills and driving skills. In this way the measurement of visual  functions is often used as a substitute from which to estimate functional vision.   According to the visual standards (Colenbrander, A. De Laey, J.J., 2006), the  visual acuity is measured often, visual field sometimes and contrast sensitivity  rarely. The authors underline that estimating predicted driving performance on the  basis of a few parameters, many other factors, such as training, experience and  familiarity with the driving environment can affect the prediction. In this way the  authors present in Figure 1 particularities of vision related functioning. As it can be observed in Figure 1, the authors undeline that the driving tests  included into the tests battery has to predict the driving performances in traffic. In  this way, they highlite that the driving safety does not depend so much on what is  seen, but rather on how quickly and how adequately drivers respond to what is  seen. So, is the moment when the time reaction tests has to be included into a  driving tests baterry. When human observers look at an optic flow stimulus their eye movements  show a regular alternation of gaze shifts and slow tracking movements at a  frequency of about 2 Hz (Niemann, Lappe, Buscher Hoffmann, 1999; Lappe   Hoffmann, 2000).Many perceptual experiments have shown that heading can be perceived  from optic flow (J.E. Cutting, P.M. Vishton, M. Flà ¼ckinger, B. Baumberger, and  J.D. Gerndt, 1997; Turano and X. Wang, 1994; Warren, D.R. Mestre, A.W.   Blackwell, and M.W. Morris, 1991; Stone and J.A. Perrone; 1997). They have  identified important requirements for accurate analysis as well as sources of error. A particular concern are eye movements which are induced by optic flow and  which, by distorting the structure of the flow field projected in the eye, compromise  heading detection. 2. THE OBJECTIVES, HYPOTHESYS, PARTICIPANTS The objective is focused to design a psychological test battery to predict the  driving behavior of the potential drivers in the way of decreasing the accident risk. The independent variables of the tests baterry are predictors for the driving  performances in traffic. The participants were 106 persons, both male and female, age between  18 and 45 years old (M = 34.4, 4; S.D. = 1.32), different levels of education. Also,  the participants were driving school students tested at two driving schools from  Bucharest. Organ structure Organ function Skills and abilities Societal consequenc. THE ORGAN THE PERSON Examples: Injury Degeneration Visual acuity Visual field Reading Mobility Employment Quality of Life ICIDH: Disorder Impairment Disability Handicap ICF: Body structure Body function Activities and Participation Barriers and Facilitators Vision: Visual Functions How the eye functions Functional Vision How the person functions DRIVING Acuity test Field test Contrast Driving ability test Driving in actual trafic Traffic conditions 246 Markus Sommer et al. 4 3. THE METHOD 3.1. THE INSTRUMENTS – RT – Reaction Test (Schuhfried, 2007). With the RT is it possible to  measure reaction time as both a simple choice and a multiple-choice reaction. Yellow light stimulus modalities are available in the test battery, so that different  stimulus constellations for the measurement of reaction time can be created. These  can range from individual stimuli to simultaneous or sequentially presented  stimulus combinations. The use of a rest key and a reaction key makes it possible  to distinguish between reaction and motor time. – Determination test (Schuhfried, 2007). The test is used to measure reactive  stress tolerance and the associated ability to react and requires the respondent to  use his cognitive skills to distinguish different colors and sounds, to memorize the  relevant characteristics of stimulus configurations, response buttons and assignment  rules, and to select the relevant responses according to the assignment rules laid  down in the instructions and/or learned in the course of the test. The difficulty of  the DT arises from the need to sustain continuous, rapid and varying responses to  rapidly changing stimuli. – Tachitoscopic test (Schuhfried, 2007). The ATAVT tests observational  ability by briefly presenting pictures of traffic situations. The items are constructed  using an explicit, theory-led rationale which is based on detailed analysis of the  cognitive processes involved in working the test. The design of the ATAVT is  based on the principles used in the well-established TAVTMB test but builds on  these by taking account of recent research findings relating to the perception of  scenes and objects. – Visiotest-Stereoscopy. The Visiotest-Campitest with 6 visual acuity tests  and the extension of the peripheral visual field. For the research, only the  stereoscopic visual test was used. The test consist in a table with letters (A, B, C)  which for a person with stereoscopic vision appears at different distances.The correlation matrix from Table 3 reveal the statistically significant  correlations between the criterias and the predictors. Thus, the criteria right curve,  cross road correlate statistically significant and positive with the following  predictors: tahitoscop corect (34**), DT corect (.27**), reaction time (.41**),  motor time (.32**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant and negative  (p Taking in consideration the criteria stop to the pedestrian crossing from the  same Table 3, can be observed a statistically significant and positive correlation  between this criteria and the following predictors: DT corrrect (.38**), motor time  reaction (.19*) and S.D. motor time (.17*). The same criteria correlate statistically  significant and negative with the following predictors: Viziotest-stereoscopy  (–.42**), DT omitted (–.41**) and tahito incorrect (–.18*).Analizing the correlation between the criteria total performances in driving  and the predictors can be observed a statistically significant and positive  correlation with the following predictors: tahitoscop correct (.46**), DT correct  (.53**), reaction time (.38**), motor time (.42**), S.D. reaction time (.31**) and  S.D. motor time (.27**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant and  negative with the predictors: Viziotest-stereoscopy (–.51**), DT omitte d (–.27**)  and tahito incorrect (–.32**). Applying the regression model for the criteria total performances in driving  the following regresssion model had been obtained (5). Table 4 Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R square 1 0.742 0.550 0.526 a) Predictors: (Constant), tahitoscop correct, tahitoscop incorrect, DT correct, DT incorrect, DT  omitted, TR motor time, S.D. reaction time, S.D. motor time, viziotest-stereoscopy;  b) Dependent variable: total performances in driving. Table 4 underlines an error reduction of the model with 55% and a strong  correlation between the independent variables and the criteria (0.742). Calculating the F value (23.29) the regression model have a strong predictive  value for the criteria total performances in driving (p Continued driver training in the form of guided lifelong self-improvement activities  is essential for acquiring new skills (Sommer, Herle, Hausler, 2007). These new  skills are required as driving gets more complex with technology: car audio  devices, reading maps on screens, using computers, note taking, talking on phone  or radio, GPS device. The Standard Quality Driving Curriculum needs to be kept  up-dated continuously and the latest additions are to be made available. These updates  are to focus on new developments that technology brings to vehicles and roads, all of which require the acquisition of new skills by drivers. The research finding reveal that designing psychological test batteries comes  in the help of safety traffic and minimizing the accident probability to occur only  taking in consideration the criteria validity.

The Tiger Essay -- essays research papers

Tigers are the largest members of the cat family. They live in Asia and belong to the same genus as the lion, leopard, and jaguar. Two major subspecies of the tiger are the Siberian tiger and the Bengal tiger. The tiger is thought to have originated in northern Asia during the Pleistocene Epoch. Scientific classification: Tigers belong to the family Felidae. The scientific classifications of each tiger are listed in the "Types of Tigers" section of this report. Appearance The Siberian tiger measures 4.6 to 9.2 ft long, excluding the tail, which is 27 to 37 in long. The Siberian Tiger weighs 400 to 675 lb. It has thick yellow fur with dark stripes. The Bengal tiger is about 10 ft long, including the tail, and weighs around 400 to 569 lb. It is found in southeastern Asia and in central and southern India. Its coat is flatter than the Siberian tiger's coat, it has a darker color, and the stripes are darker. The Sumatran tiger is even smaller and darker. Ears The tiger's ears are its main advantage when hunting. Tigers have white spots behind their ears to help identify one another in the jungle. Hearing is the tiger's sharpest sense. Eyes The tiger's night vision is six times greater than ours. They have a mirror like layer at the back of the eye that reflects extra light. Tigers also have very good colorful eyesight. Mouth Tigers have long, canine teeth that they use to stab and kill their prey. The molars behind them are like scissors. They slice strips of ...

An Analysis of the Eight Fold Path of Buddhism

The Eightfold Path is a way that leads to the stopping of suffering and the achievement of self awakening. This instrument was brought forth through the teachings of the Buddha, Gautama Buddha. He taught his disciples how to follow this path how he did, so they may have self awakening and liberation. The eight steps in the Eightfold Path are as follows: Right belief, Right purpose, Right speech, Right conduct, Right livelihood, Right effort, Right mindfulness, and Right meditation or concentration. In Buddha’s time, if a potential Arahat strayed from the Eightfold Path or the Four Noble Truths, he would have to confess his sin or sins to the public. They followed it very strictly and took it very seriously for they wanted to be able to reach Nirvana. Nirvana is â€Å"the unconditioned state of liberation, release from the cycle of rebirth-redeath† (Noss, 2008, 2003: 185). In present time, we live in a very fast-paced, high-stress environment. I wonder if a present day Buddhist would be able to live life in accordance with the Eightfold Path. The first step in the Eightfold Path is Right belief. The Right belief can also be translated as â€Å"right perspective†, â€Å"right vision† or â€Å"right understanding†. It is the right way of looking at life, nature and the world as they really are. It acts as the reasoning for the practitioner to start practicing the path. It gives direction and efficacy to the other seven path factors (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). Another way of looking at the Right belief phrased in a contemporary form is: First you must see clearly what is wrong (Soccio, 2007: 51). The second step is Right purpose. In this step, the Arahat should constantly try to succeed at ridding themselves of whatever qualities that they know are wrong and immoral. Correct understanding of Right purpose will help the Arahat to distinguish the differences between right intention and wrong intention (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). A contemporary definition of Right purpose is: Next you must decide that you want to be cured (Soccio, 2007: 51). The third and fourth step, which are I found have been lumped together in all of my reading, Right speech and Right conduct. One must love all creatures with the right sort of love in word and deed (Noss, 2008: 182). When practicing steps three and four, Arahat’s must make good use of their words and train themselves to not bring harm to themselves or to others. You must act and speak so as to aim at being cured is a contemporary form on steps three and four (Soccio, 2007: 51). Right means of livelihood is the fifth step of the Eightfold Path. In this step, the Arahat’s are not to participate in occupations that can cause harm to human beings. This would include occupations that deal with weapons, the buying or selling of sex, killing animals to sell as food, and making or selling alcohol. Historian and philosopher, Gerald Heard, modified this step into a contemporary version meaning: Your livelihood must not conflict with your therapy (Soccio, 2007: 51). Right effort is the sixth step. In this step, the Saints should make a die hard effort to desert all the wrong and harmful thoughts, words, and deeds they might have. Instead they should be persevering in coming up with thoughts, words, and deeds that would be good and helpful to others and themselves (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). â€Å"That therapy must go forward at the â€Å"staying speed†, that is, the critical velocity† (Soccio, 2007: 51). The seventh and eighth final steps of the Eightfold Path are Right mindfulness and Right meditation or concentration. In these steps, the Arahat’s should constantly keep their mind alert to developments as they are affecting the body and mind. They should be aware and careful, making sure not to act or speak through the power of carelessness or forgetfulness. During the practice of right concentration, the practitioner will need to investigate and verify their right view; in the process right knowledge will arise and then followed by right liberation (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). The contemporary definition of these steps is: You must think about it incessantly and learn how to contemplate with the deep mind (Soccio, 2007: 51). Now having listed and clearly defined what each step is, I have concluded that it would be impossible for a present day Buddhist to live a life in accordance with the Eightfold Path. Even the most open-minded person would still fail at one or more of these steps. Following the Eightfold Path in today’s society would make it pretty much impossible for a person to be a productive member of the community. Just look at how choosing a college major would be affected by following the Path. If someone aspired to be a Police Officer, the Eightfold Path would prevent that due to the possibility of taking a human life. Or if a present day Buddhist wanted to become a lawyer, that would be halted since the Right Speech prohibits one from speaking in any sort of abusive or divisive manner. No one would be able to properly argue their point of view. In today’s electronic driven, media everywhere, fast-paced world I don’t see how the Eightfold Path could be a successful practice to a contemporary Buddhist. It is a very strict instrument to follow for the Path of Nirvana and I believe that at least one or more steps would be broken even by the most devout Buddhist.

Reflection of When Things Fall Apart Essay

Pema Chodron should be considered a spiritual teacher for anyone. Whether they are aspiring to have one, they already have one or don’t desire one at all. In her book, When Things Fall Apart, Pema Chodron exposes the overwhelming potential for happiness, wisdom and courage. She explains how one can experience all of these even during the most painful of circumstances. She introduces us to the face that there is an ultimate opportunity for the right of happiness that is right within our reach and she explains how we usually miss the opportunity for that happiness. She conveys to us that we miss that opportunity for happiness because we are all caught up in the attempts to escape the pain, fear and suffering in our lives. Her stellar story, which should and probably does guide many lives, demonstrates to us how we can utilize all of our painful emotions and develop them into compassion and courage, wisdom and understanding, and ways of communication that open up to more opportun ities for openness and true interaction with others. She gives us practices for reversing our negative everyday habits and methods for operating with stressful chaotic situations. She shows us ways to develop our painful and fearful emotions into compassionate and energetic feelings that manifest themselves into social action. She worked for 20 years to develop the practices that she preaches as a Tibetan Buddhist nun, while drawing in from her earlier years of experience and feelings as an everyday housewife and mother. She gives whole-hearted and thoughtful advice and wisdom that drew from all of her experience in her life. Her deep-seated and kind hearted advice establishes the grounds for what to do when lings begin to fall apart in our live and go against the normalcy in our environments and expectations. The instruction and assistance that she gives us is meant to offer us comfort and is meant to challenge our actions in our daily lives to live deeply, whole-heartedly and contribute to creating a more loving, peaceful and honest world. She teaches us how to hone in on our painful emotions in order to gain substantial amounts of wisdom and compassion for ourselves so that we many bring it outwards to our neighbors and the world around us. When we have the courage to step into the uncharted waters of our mental and emotional territory and relax, we can discover the happiness and contentment that does not need to depend on the world around us but the world in our minds that we can control and make our own. In her story she shows discuss and depicts many of the aspects of her life that she has experienced. She also discusses how a man named Trungpa Rinpoche taught her all about Buddhism and deeper was or meditation. â€Å"Fear is a universal experience. Even the smallest insect feels it. We wade in the tidal pools and put our finger near, the soft, open bodies of sea anemones and they close up. Everything spontaneously does that. It’s not a terrible thing that we feel fear when faced with the unknown. It is part of being alive, something we all share. We react against the possibility of loneliness, of death, of not having anything to hold onto. Fear is a natural reaction to moving closer to the truth.† As I read this passage writing by Pema, I was astounded. I had never thought of our lives like this. It was completely true. As we enter the unknown in our lives we never just jump at the chance. We have to stop and think to ourselves if we should keep going or if we should turn around. We all have fear and we may externally deal with fear in different ways however, we are all the same on the inside when we deal with fear. We all wish that we could curl up into a little ball and make the fear go away. Fear itself is always a result of the unknown. When you are afraid of something, it is because we don’t really know what to do or what is going on. I agree with what she says. It isn’t a terrible thing to feel fear. We all experience fear in our lives and we should embrace it and hone in on our fear so that we can make the unknown the known. If you walked up to someone on the street and asked them what they were afraid of it would be a form of something that is to them, the unknown. It is universal. Not everyone has the same fear, but we all have one. She uses the metaphor of wading in the tide pools but not going all the way in and the sea anemone closes up as someone gets close to it. When you think about it, as you go to the swimming pool in the summer, you don’t see many people just jump in. They all test the water and are afraid to get splashed because they aren’t used to the water and the way it feels. In a way, we are all like the sea anemone. We close up when we are pushed into experiences that we aren’t yet comfortable with. But we need to continue to be like the anemone and open up. â€Å"I have a friend dying of AIDS. Before I was leaving for a trip, we were talking. He said, ‘I didn’t want this and I hated this, and I was terrified of this. But it turns out that this illness has been my greatest gift.’ He said, ‘Now every moment is so precious to me. All the people in my life are so precious to me. My whole life means so much to me.’ Something had really changed, and he felt ready for his death. Something that was horrifying and scary had turned into a gift.† I have come across a few people in my life that have HIV or AIDS and they all say the same thing. This quote hit me really hard because it was so personal. If you ever have a conversation with someone who has dealt with this for most of their life, they explain to you that the fear is gone. They had fear. A lot of fear in fact. But eventually, all of that fear went away and they began to accept what had happened to them and they realize that this is the path that they were meant to lead. I once listened to a man teach a seminar on HIV and AIDS. At the end of the seminar, he told us that he himself had full blown AIDS. He told us that yes he would eventually die and he wasn’t afraid of that. He was afraid of not being able to educate and prevent someone from making some of the same mistakes that he had made before he died. I fell that this was the best way for Pema to express the being able to hone in on your fear and turn it into happiness. When I read that part of this story, I truly understood what she was trying to tell us. We all have fear but if we can accept that fear and project it in a different way, we can have happiness†¦

Jamestown essays

Jamestown essays In what ways might the European encounter with the Americas be seen as a disaster or tragedy, and in what ways might it be seen as an inevitable development in the history of humanity with long-run positive results. What would the world be today without the United States of America? Humanity itself may have never evolved into what it is today with the advance technology brought forth. From here we go back to the 1600s when plans to sail to find a so called New World, were inevitable. But even though the benefits of finding the new world were so great, could it have really been a disaster in the making? From Slavery and conflicts with the Indians to the new cash crop, all of these are enough reason to conclude that the European encounters with the Americas were a disaster. Although there was a scare when John Smith was captured by the Indians during the early years of the Americas it was soon resolved. Moreover as the years continued the Indians as well as the settlers had several good and bad meetings. And over the course of several years they became better allies to each other. But one event in particular stands out among the most deceiving. In 1622, the Indians and the Settlers created a close bond together which was believed to be everlasting. But with the Indians now knowing the pilgrims hideouts, procedures, routines, and weak points they took great advantage of it. On March 22nd, 1622 the Indians ambushed the settlements and killed nearly 347 stunned men, women, and children. It is said that, ...most of them falling by their own instruments and working tools (Robert Beverleys Description of the1622 Indian Attack). The Indians had taken the Americans by storm while at work. And because of this the settlers now had no trustworthy allies and coul dnt defend against brutal attacks on a foreign land. This is yet another conflict of the European encounter with the Am ...

Sports and Religion

Sports and Religion Religion is an efficacious element of society since it forms a basis for various systems of meaning, that are of great assistance to people in handling the reality of ultimate issues and questions. These systems of meaning are informative on ideas that concern movement, the body, physical activities, and sports. They also inform on people’s thoughts about the world, and influence social relationships and social life organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sports and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religion helps individuals to justify and define the relationship they have with God, or gods (Stark, 1999 cited in Coakley, 2004, p. 528). There are so many confusing and contradicting discussions regarding sports. Various similarities and differences have been pointed out by various scholars. This paper aims at giving insight into these similarities and differences, as well as on how Overman’ s seven key virtues have been reflected in modern sports. Similarities Sports are considered to be a new form of religion. This is attributed to the stronger and more relevant forms of religious beliefs and meanings that are apparent in sports. Both sports and religion share several characteristics as indicated by Hoffman (1992). One, sports and religion have their communal gatherings and special events held in structured places and/or buildings. These buildings are adorned with relevant decorations and statues that relate to the event. Secondly, both disciplines are controlled by structured forms of authority, that are hierarchical in nature, and which ensure that all events or activities going on in these places are carried out in a dignified manner. Thirdly, sports and religion have the same quest, to get perfection of the mind, body and soul. In both disciplines, one’s physical discipline is required if good results such as excellent performance in sports, and spiritual p urification in religion are to be achieved. A lot of commitment and preparation to ensure personal betterment are apparent in both. This includes practices and time-outs in sports, and retreats and prayers in religion. These elements leading to personal development are very essential in as far as obtaining perfection and satisfaction of the body, mind and soul, seen through substantial achievement and success, is concerned. Fourthly, both religion and sports are unifying factors. Religion brings people of different races, nationalities and statuses together with the common goal of worshipping a common Deity. Sports are also seen to unify people with different cultural backgrounds, in support of a particular team.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another similarity is that there are historic heroes and legends involved in both disciplines. In sports, heroes are elected to halls of fame. Religious heroes are also elected to high statures like sainthood. Stories on these heroes transcend generations where sports’ heroic stories are propagated through newspapers, or told over and over again by the sports’ coaches, journalists, and/or fans. Stories on religious heroes are also narrated over and over again by religious followers, writers, and religious ministers (Coakley, 2004, p. 530-533). Differences There are also differences involved between sports and religion. To start with, human actions in religion are based on beliefs, events, meanings and rituals that are mystical and based on sacred and supernatural realms whereas the beliefs, meanings, events and rituals defining human action in sports are distinct and not governed by divine nature. Whereas religion is supernatural, sports are not because they make use of concrete and tangible events, which are not grounded in supernatural beings. In addition, spiritual goals are evident in re ligion whereas in sports, material goals are sought. Secondly, religion relies on faith while sports are basically rooted in distinct, clear-cut rules and relationships. In religion, one’s faith is what determines his/her commitment and attachment to religion. In sports on the other hand, the ability to abide by the rules and liaise well with other players governs the commitment and success to be achieved. There is a lot of cooperation in religion because all the followers seek a common goal, which is spiritual nourishment and is not associated with any form of material reward. Sports on the other hand entail competition between opponents, in search for material reward. It is therefore apparent that, in sports, athletes seek success grounded in human nature, whereas the success derived in religion is grounded in divine inspiration. Overman’s Seven Key Virtues and how they are reflected in Modern Sports Overman has argued that the seven virtues based on Protestant ethic are related to the entire organization or spirit that defines sports. One of the key values as indicated by Overman is worldly asceticism. Based on a religious standpoint, this entails enduring pain and suffering with the goal of getting spiritual reward. For example, in order for one to have goodness within their selves, self-denial and disdain for self-indulgence has got to be achieved. In comparison to religion, one has got to work very hard, and have diligence in order to win in any game/sport (Bryant McElroy, 1997, p. 55).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sports and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rationalization is a second virtue as indicated by Overman in relation to Protestant ethic. Based on this virtue, the world is rationally organized and it is possible to discover religious truth through human reason. This virtue is measured in terms of concrete success. In the same way that religion seeks o rganization in order to achieve success, modern sports rely on rational organization of players in the field in order to realize success. Another virtue is goal directedness. Goal directedness is related to a focus on salvation from a religious point of view. In the light of salvation, human action is judged by its results, where an action is deemed good if it yields to substantial achievement. Worthless or evil action does not bring about success. This is reflected in modern sports by the mere fact that prudent actions are associated with success, while untactful ones are associated with failure. Salvation is one’s own individual initiative, responsibility and choice. An individual’s conscience plays a very important role in determining one’s virtue, and their personal relationship with God/Christ. In modern sports, the reflection of this third virtue of individualism is reflected through one’s own initiative to become part of a certain team, and powerfu lly working towards ensuring its success. In religion, success is attributed to goodness and salvation; while on the other hand, failure is attributed to sin and damnation. The status that one achieves whether in religion or modern sports is determined by one’s input. With this notion in mind therefore, it only means that worldly success is basically not a sign that one is predestinated to be saved, rather it is a mere means of earning salvation. In modern sports, one’s input determines the outcome, as seen in religion. Work, is a vocation and is seen to be a calling from God. The virtue behind work is working very hard, and building on God’s given potential. Sports are synonymous to work and therefore, require a lot of hard work and sacrifice since they are a calling from God, and require athletes to be the mighty best despite the fact that they may entail domination over other athletes. Time is a valuable asset with a moral quality. It should not be wasted bec ause moral judgment depends on one’s prudence and efficiency in utilizing time (Overman, 1997). As seen in modern sports, time is very essential factor. Each second on the playfield means a lot to the players because; time is a governing factor in any sports competition. It is obvious that sports and religion are important elements of people’s culture in different parts of the world including America. This paper has explicitly discussed these two disciplines, showing how they relate to and differ from each other. It is obvious that the similarities between the two are more than the differences, indicating that the relationship between sports and religion is significant.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bryant, J. E., McElroy, M. (1997). Sociological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise. Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company. Coakley, J. (2004). Sports in Society: Issues and Controversy. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill. Hoffman, S. J. (1992). Sport and Religion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Overman, S. J. (1997). The Influence of the Protestant Ethic on Sport and Recreation. Brookfield, VT: Avebury.